Bibliographies: 'Aegean Balkan area' – Grafiati (2024)

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The specific character of the Iron Gates Mesolithic material culture derives from the geomorphological and ecological features of the Iron Gates gorge in the Early Holocene. However, the Mesolithic of this geographic area can be entirely linked to the general flows of Mesolithic development in Europe as well as to the phenomena observed in the Adriatic-Ionian and Aegean zones. This demonstrates that the cultural, technological and economic changes which occurred during the Early Holocene were influenced by the same or similar factors as the entire area of the Balkan Peninsula. The absence of Mesolithic settlements outside the Iron Gates raises the question of whether the interior parts of the Central Balkans were inhabited during the Early Holocene. As hinted by the research in the Iron Gates and the Adriatic hinterland, Mesolithic settlements were probably located outside the denser forested areas (in the littoral and high-altitude zones) but this remains to be confirmed. Based on the assessment of the demographic potential of Mesolithic and Neolithic communities, four scenarios of Neolithisation of different parts of the Balkan Peninsula have been proposed.

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The short lasting compressional to transpressional tectonic event between the latest Oligocene and Middle Miocene is an important element of the Late Alpine evolution of the Balkan peninsula and the Aegean area. It is well recorded by the termination of the sedimentation in a relatively short period of 6–7 Ma (between 20.5 Ma and ~13 Ma). This crustal shortening represents a stage of the Late Alpine tectonic evolution of the area separating the late Paleogene extensional regime from the Aegean extension that took place from ~13 Ma on and finally shaped this branch of the orogen.

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Structural geomorphological analysis of large scale 3D digital radar models of seabed landscape topography has allowed us to reveal within the Balkan-Black Sea region a system of tectonically formed subparallel trans-regional linear slab-shaped zones. On the map they appeared as ENE-directed throughout stripes, distanced approximately 100 km from each other. These linear zones are significant components of the rhegmatogenic fault network of the examined area, as you can see on the map: I — South Carpathian, II — Peri-Carpathian, III — Azov Adriatic, IV — Balkan Crimean, V — North Greek, VI — North Aegean, VII — North Anatolian. Without interfering with intra-regional geological elements, they intersect a wide range of diverse types of geological blocks with different structure, age and origin, and expand into the seabeds of the Black and Aegean seas. The general consistency of their spatial, morphologic structural and kinematic organization confirmes a uniform dynamic mechanism of their formation, likely connected to the planetary rotation-induced stress.

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The Balkan Peninsula is part of South Eastern Europe, with a surface area of 550 square kilometers and a population of nearly 55 million inhabitants. This is a corner of the Earth with a very attractive geography. It is shaped like a triangle and goes deep into the Mediterranean Sea. This peninsula is bordered with the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Marmaris Sea, Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea, whereas on the other part with Central Europe. The Balkan Peninsula is, or serves, as a connecting bridge between Europe and Asia. The countries of the Balkan Peninsula are: a part of Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and part of Croatia (up to Sava River).

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The purpose of study is to estimate the role of karst springs in the formation of the flow of the Bulgarian rivers that are right tributaries of the Danube River. The study area includes the region from the Danube River to the main ridge of the Balkan (Stara Planina), representing a major water divide that separates the Black Sea catchment area from the Aegean one. The eastern border represents the watershed between the Danube and the Black Sea hydrological zones. From a geological point of view, the northern part of the area is located on the Moesian platform and the southern part belongs to the Fore Balkan and Balkan areas where various types of rocks of different geologic age outcrop. In some of them, there are conditions for the formation of karst water. In the northern part of the area they form distinct aquifers that gradually sink to the north; this is so called "platform" type of karst. In the southern mountainous part there are numerous karst basins. The most significant of karst springs are included in the national groundwater monitoring network. The hydrographs of karst springs are analyzed in view of the specific features of karstification. To classify the studied springs with respect to their regime, several indicators are used. Furthermore, the role of karst waters in the river runoff of the Bulgarian tributaries of the Danube River is assessed.

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The purpose of the present article is to summarize the current scientific knowledge related to the active tectonics of the Aegean and surrounding area (active deformation, lithospheric plate-motions, etc.), as well as describe the main information (data, methods, etc.) which were used to obtain this knowledge. It is pointed out that the understanding of active tectonics has not only theoretical but also practical interest, as it contributes to the solution of problems of direct social impact such as the problem of earthquake prediction. It is shown that most of our present knowledge relies on geophysical, geological and geodetic data. Due to the fact that the Aegean exhibits a variety of geomorphological structures and on going geophysical processes, it has been one of the modern "natural laboratories" where scientists from different parts of the world are working and verify various hypotheses related to our current view of World Tectonics. The Aegean exhibits the typical characteristics of a subduction area, such as the Hellenic Arc (a typical island arc), the Aegean Sea (a marginal sea with typical geomorphological characteristics) and the Collision Zone between the Balkan peninsula and the southwestern Adriatic. A large number of results concerning the Aegean area relies on the use of the spatial distribution of earthquake foci. Accurate data of the last two decades showed that most shallow earthquakes are generated on the shallowest part of the crust (upper 20km) and only along the southern Aegean subduction zone can their depth reach up to 60km. Papazachos and Comninakis (1969/70, 1971) were the first to determine the depth of 109 intermediate-depth events using PcP phases and showed that their foci lied on an amphitheatrically-shaped Benioff zone, which dips from the outer arc (Hellenic Trench) towards the concave part of the Hellenic Arc. This has been confirmed by recent studies, showing that the subduction is separated in a shallower (20-100km), small-dip (-20-30°) section where the lithospheric coupling takes place and events up to M = 8.0 occur, and a deeper (100-180km) part with higher dipping angle (-45°) where events up to M=7.0 occur. Fault plane solutions which have been constructed since the 60s were used for the study of the active tectonics in the Aegean. Their use allowed the detection of reverse faulting along the Hellenic Arc (Papazachos and Delibasis 1969), the Rhodes sinistral fault (Papazachos 1961), as well as the domination of a strong ~N-S extension field throughout the whole back-arc Aegean area (McKenzie 1970, 1972, 1978). The identification of the dextral transform Cephalonia fault (Scordilis et al., 1985) was also of significant importance for the understanding of the Aegean tectonics. This understanding was enhanced by the results obtained about the geophysical lithospheric structure of the Aegean, using either traditional or tomographic methods. These results showed strong crustal thickness variations in agreement with isostasy, detected the presence of a high-velocity subducted slab under the Aegean, with low-velocity/low-Q material in the mantle wedge above the slab, as usually anticipated for a subduction zone. The active deformation of the Aegean has been studied by seismological, geodetic and palaeomagnetic methods. The obtained results allowed the determination of various models describing the active crustal deformation in the Aegean area, showing a anticlockwise motion for Anatolia and a fast southwestern motion of the Aegean microplate at an average rate of ~3.5cm/yr relative to Europe. Similar studies have been performed for the subducted slab. The derivation of such models is further supported by geophysical and geological studies that led to the identification and classification of a large number of active faults, which are related to several strong shallow events in the broader Aegean area. In general, active seismic faults in the Aegean area can be separated in ten main groups, which exhibit different type of faulting. The active deformation and faulting characteristics of the broader Aegean area is the base of the understanding of the driving mechanisms, which control the Aegean active tectonics. In general, the convergence of Africa and Eurasia is responsible for the eastern Mediterranean subduction under the Aegean. The Arabian plate pushes the Anatolia microplate towards the Aegean, thus affecting the active tectonic setting in the Northern Aegean where the dextral motion along the northern Anatolia border continues. Also, the Apulia (Adriatic) anticlockwise rotation results in convergence along the coastal Albania and NW Greece, with trust faulting. However, the main controlling force of the active tectonics in the Aegean is the fast southwest Aegean motion and its overriding of the Mediterranean lithosphère, which is responsible for the large thrust events along the Hellenic Arc, as well as for the large seismicity of the Cephalonia (dextral) and Rhodes (sinistral) faults that are the contact between the Aegean microplate and Apulia and the eastern Mediterranean (east of Rhodes) plates, respectively.

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UDK: 597.551.2(497) Sabanejewia balcanica is a fish species that belongs to Cobitidae family and it is the endemic of the Balkan Peninsula. It is present in the tributaries of the Danube and Aegean waters. Systematics of this species has experienced certain changes that are related to the systemic instability of the entire Cobitidae family, so there has been a change in the name of the genus of this species. The genus Sabanejewia was separated from the genus Cobitis in the last century, but this name was generally used much later. According to data of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, this species is still not endangered, but is assigned a status of least concern (LC). Sabanejewia balcanica is in the Annex II of the Habitats Directive and Annex III of the Bern Convention which basically require the protection of this species and its habitats. In the proposal to create a red list of fauna of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, has been concluded that there is not enough information on the population characteristics of this species. The aim of this article is to present data on exploration of Sabanejewia balcanica in the Balkan area as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina, thereby contributing to the determination of its status of vulnerability and protection of its natural habitats.

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The distribution of Mauremys rivulata on Aegean islands was summarized by Broggi in 2012. Here, the study area encompasses all Greek islands, including the Ionian Islands, and the two Turkish islands of Gökceada and Bozcaada. For the first time, I attempt to estimate the status and size of the populations on the islands. This is a subjective assessment based on my personal visits to most islands and not on IUCN criteria. Mauremys rivulata was found on 29 Greek islands, plus two Turkish islands in the Aegean Sea. Five previously mentioned sites are doubtful, and on the three islands of Sifnos, Syros and Ithaca the species appears to be extinct. On 12 islands I assess its status as “threatened with extinction”. On seven, mostly larger, islands its populations are probably less vulnerable. Efforts must be made for the long-term protection of M. rivulata on the Greek islands.

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The Northern Anatolian region under consideration here, the Bafra plain with its main site of Ikiztepe, and the Samsun area with Dündartepe, should be seen as a contact zone between Central Anatolia, the Balkans and the Eastern Aegean. Several items of material culture from Northern Anatolia can be linked with Southeast Europe, the islands off the coast of Western Turkey and Central Anatolia. These connections were established at least by the end of the fifth millennium B.C. Strong similarities in pottery and metal finds from North and Central Anatolian sites with the Cernavoda cultures in Romania indicate that close linkage did in fact continue into the third millennium B.C., thus giving proof of a long tradition. Here, only a small segment of this huge time-span, viz., the last quarter of the fourth millennium, equated with the last stretch of the Late Chalcolithic period, is my concern.

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Abstract. Detailed aerosol chemical predictions by a comprehensive model system (i.e. PMCAMx, WRF, GEOS-CHEM), along with airborne and ground-based observations, are presented and analysed over a wide domain covering the Aegean Archipelago. The studied period is 10 successive days in 2011, characterized by strong northern winds, which is the most frequently prevailing synoptic pattern during summer. The submicron aerosol load in the lower troposphere above the archipelago is hom*ogenously enriched in sulfate (average modelled and measured submicron sulfate of 5.5 and 5.8 μg m−3, respectively), followed by organics (2.3 and 4.4 μg m−3) and ammonium (1.5 and 1.7 μg m−3). Aerosol concentrations smoothly decline aloft, reaching lower values (< 1 μg m−3) above 4.2 km altitude. The evaluation criteria rate the model results for sulfate, ammonium, chloride, elemental carbon, organic carbon and total PM10 mass concentrations as "good", indicating a satisfactory representation of the aerosol chemistry and precursors. Higher model discrepancies are confined to the highest (e.g. peak sulfate values) and lowest ends (e.g. nitrate) of the airborne aerosol mass size distribution, as well as in airborne organic aerosol concentrations (model underestimation ca. 50 %). The latter is most likely related to the intense fire activity at the eastern Balkan area and the Black Sea coastline, which is not represented in the current model application. The investigation of the effect of local variables on model performance revealed that the best agreement between predictions and observations occurs during high winds from the northeast, as well as for the area confined above the archipelago and up to 2.2 km altitude. The atmospheric ageing of biogenic particles is suggested to be activated in the aerosol chemistry module, when treating organics in a sufficient nitrogen and sulfate-rich environment, such as that over the Aegean basin. More than 70 % of the predicted aerosol mass over the Aegean Archipelago during a representative Etesian episode is related to transport of aerosols and their precursors from outside the modelling domain.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’étude exhaustive du corpus de parure du Néolithique Récent du site de Dikili Tash. Ce très riche corpus de plus de 2300 pièces comprend notamment un stock très important de parure découvert groupé dans une maison du Néolithique Récent II. Les principaux types représentés dans ce corpus sont les perles (70 %), principalement en pierre, en terre cuite, en coquille et en métal, les pendentifs (12 %) en coquille et en pierre, les appliques en dent de suidé (11 %) et les anneaux en coquille (7 %). Les recherches sur la provenance des matériaux et l’étude tracéologique des pièces de parure permettent de reconstituer une partie des principales chaînes opératoires en jeu dans la fabrication de ces différents types. Grâce à des informations spatiales et chronologiques très complètes, l’étude des contextes locaux, en particulier d’un certain nombre d’ensembles clos, permet d’appréhender l’évolution et la structure de la parure au cours du Néolithique Récent sur le site de Dikili Tash. Les comparaisons entre le corpus de Dikili Tash et les pièces de parure connues dans le monde égéo-balkanique, du Péloponnèse au Danube, aident à comprendre les objets eux-mêmes et apportent des informations sur les éventuels réseaux de circulation des matières premières et des pièces produites. Elles mettent en évidence les connexions entre ces différentes communautés, qui possèdent un langage commun notamment dans le domaine de la parure
This thesis is a comprehensive study of Late Neolithic jewellery from the Dikili Tash site. This vast corpus of over 2,300 objects includes a large stock of items discovered in a house dating to the Late Neolithic II. Beads are the main type of ornament in the corpus (70%), they are made mainly from stone, terracotta, shell and metal, shell and stone pendants represent 12% of the corpus, boar tooth appliques make up 11% and shell rings 7%. We have been able to reconstruct some of the main processes involved in the manufacture of the adornments from research into the provenance of the materials and use-wear analysis. Thanks to the wealth of spatial and chronological information, the study of local contexts and some specific assemblages provides a clearer picture of the evolution and organisation of jewellery making during the Late Neolithic at Dikili Tash. Comparisons between the Dikili Tash corpus and known pieces from the Aegean-Balkan world, from the Peloponnese to the Danube, help us to understand the objects themselves and provide information about possible exchange networks used to provide raw materials and the manufactured pieces. They highlight the connections between these different communities, who shared a common language, particularly in the domain of adornments and jewellery

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This article presents a conspectus on the prehistory of northwestern Turkey, mainly focusing on the role played by eastern Thrace at the intersection of Anatolia, the Aegean, and the Balkans. It considers the question of whether Thrace was a bridge or a barrier between the east and the west, while acknowledging that there are substantial lacunae in our knowledge on every issue noted herein. Accordingly, what is reported here should not be considered conclusive, but as more of a general overview. There are major problems in assessing the evidence from northwestern Turkey and the region known as eastern Thrace, first because it constitutes the buffer zone between distinct cultural entities: Anatolia, the Aegean, Balkan, and Pontic regions. Moreover, it acts as the narrow bottleneck to any sort of supraregional interaction, inevitably merging distinct cultures.

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Recent advances in palaeoclimatological and meteorological research, combined with new radiocarbon data from western Anatolia and southeast Europe, lead us to formulate a new hypothesis for the temporal and spatial dispersal of Neolithic lifeways from their core areas of genesis. The new hypothesis, which we term the Abrupt Climate Change (ACC) Neolithization Model, incorporates a number of insights from modern vulnerability theory. We focus here on the Late Neolithic (Anatolian terminology), which is followed in the Balkans by the Early Neolithic (European terminology). From high-resolution 14C-case studies, we infer an initial (very rapid) west-directed movement of early farming communities out of the Central Anatolian Plateau towards the Turkish Aegean littoral. This move is exactly in phase (decadal scale) with the onset of ACC conditions (~6600 cal BC). Upon reaching the Aegean coastline, Neolithic dispersal comes to a halt. It is not until some 500 years later—that is, at the close of cumulative ACC and 8.2 ka cal BP Hudson Bay cold conditions—that there occurs a second abrupt movement of farming communities into Southeast Europe, as far as the Pannonian Basin. The spread of early farming from Anatolia into eastern Central Europe is best explained as Neolithic communities’ mitigation of biophysical and social vulnerability to natural (climate-induced) hazards.

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Abstract It is assumed that the Balkan Peninsula may have represented a major migratory corridor and the area where hominin groups initially adapted to the ecological conditions of the temperate climate during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Until recently, these ideas could only be assessed hypothetically, due to the very small number of identified archaeological sites. This situation changed with discoveries of sites in the Lower Danube (Kozarnika, Dealul Guran), Aegean (Kokkinopilos, Marathousa 1, Rodafnidia) and Central Balkan (Balanica Cave Complex) regions, which presented artefacts in stratigraphic contexts, most of them well-dated. In addition to these sites, a large number of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic surface lithic scatters have been recorded in the Central and Southern Balkans. Concentrations of finds were recorded on the highest river terraces and in the vicinity of mineral deposits. Recent research provides preliminary insights into the cultural, demographic and behavioural changes in the Lower Palaeolithic of South-eastern Europe, the issues of the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition, and the connections with Anatolia and the Middle East. It has been established that there is great potential for research directed towards the identification of Lower Palaeolithic sites in fluvial and lacustrine geological settings.

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Abstract It is assumed that the Balkan Peninsula may have represented a major migratory corridor and the area where hominin groups initially adapted to the ecological conditions of the temperate climate during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Until recently, these ideas could only be assessed hypothetically, due to the very small number of identified archaeological sites. This situation changed with discoveries of sites in the Lower Danube (Kozarnika, Dealul Guran), Aegean (Kokkinopilos, Marathousa 1, Rodafnidia) and Central Balkan (Balanica Cave Complex) regions, which presented artefacts in stratigraphic contexts, most of them well-dated. In addition to these sites, a large number of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic surface lithic scatters have been recorded in the Central and Southern Balkans. Concentrations of finds were recorded on the highest river terraces and in the vicinity of mineral deposits. Recent research provides preliminary insights into the cultural, demographic and behavioural changes in the Lower Palaeolithic of South-eastern Europe, the issues of the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition, and the connections with Anatolia and the Middle East. It has been established that there is great potential for research directed towards the identification of Lower Palaeolithic sites in fluvial and lacustrine geological settings.

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ABSTRACT The Bursa mineral district in northwest Anatolia (Turkey) is an emerging prospective area for porphyry Cu-Mo (Au-Re) mineralization along the Western Tethyan Eocene magmatic belt that links the Balkan to Lesser Caucasus regions along the southern Black Sea coast. Field observations as well as time constraints on mineralized magmas of the Bursa district are limited. Additionally, the tectonic setting of Eocene magmatism in northwest Turkey is controversial and includes either Neotethyan slab roll-back or break-off scenario. We show that the Bursa mineral district consists of porphyry Cu-Mo, skarn Cu, and rare epithermal Au-Ag deposits, prospects, and occurrences on the footwall of the Eskişehir fault, south of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone. The porphyry prospects are hosted within porphyritic dioritic, granodioritic, and granitic rocks that were altered by potassic and phyllic assemblages and quartz-sulfide vein stockwork zones. Our new CA-TIMS and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate that porphyry mineralization of the Bursa district formed between 51 and 46 Ma and thus before the porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au mineralization of the Biga (~43–39 Ma) and Rhodope districts (~35–31 Ma) and the Serbo-Macedonian belt (~36–22 Ma). Therefore, we interpret that Eocene magmatism and associated Cu-Au-Mo mineralization migrated westward along the western part of the Western Tethyan Eocene magmatic belt. This migration, which is specific to the Eocene period, represents a second-order and diachronous response to the first-order southward magmatic front migration and roll-back initiation of the Hellenic slab beneath the Balkan-Aegean-western Anatolian region since the Late Cretaceous.

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Greek-Turkish disagreement over the Aegean Sea is caused by different approaches to the delimitation of the Aegean Sea shelf. Greece believes that each of the Greek Islands in the Aegean Sea has its own territorial waters and continental shelf, which Greece can expand into. Turkey believes that the Aegean Sea is a special semiclosed sea, the delimitation of which should be based on the principle of equality, and that the Greek Islands are not separate territories with territorial waters. The parties are negotiating, which, however, has not led to a settlement of the problem. These differences have economic and military dimensions, as well as a geopolitical context.

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Copper objects first circulated on the Greek mainland during the fifth millennium BC and shortly after in the islands of the southern Aegean (Zachos 2007). The earliest metalwork of Late Neolithic date comprised small objects such as awls, beads, and bracelets. Metal use gradually expanded during the Chalcolithic stage that followed, with production of larger items such as axeheads. There are parallels with the development of early metallurgy in the Balkans, however there was much less copper in circulation. This may be explained by the absence of early copper mines comparable to Rudna Glava or Ai Bunar in either Greece or the Aegean islands. The use of metal in the Aegean expanded significantly during the third millennium BC, with the emergence of a flourishing culture that had extensive seafaring contacts (Renfrew 1972). The importance of maritime trade in this region dates from the Neolithic when the island of Melos was a major source of obsidian across the east Mediterranean. Lead isotope analysis confirms that the copper, lead, and silver used by the Cycladic culture of the Early Bronze Age came from ore sources on many of those islands (Stos-Gale 1989). These metals were traded widely across the Aegean, with supply also into mainland Greece. While no copper mines have been identified, lead/silver workings of this period are recorded at Lavrion and at Ayios Sostis on Siphnos (Wagner et al. 1980). There are numerous deposits of copper ore and other metals in mainland Greece. No prehistoric copper mines have been identified; however, the potential has been examined by lead isotope analysis. An examination of various ore deposits in northern Greece, including examples in Thrace and eastern Macedonia, Thasos, the Pangeon Mountains, and Chalkidki did not reveal any likely sources of copper in prehistory. Samples were also taken in east-central Greece, from mineralization in the Othrys Mountains where there are several indications of ancient mining. Radiocarbon dates indicate copper mining at various locations there during the first millennium BC (Gale and Stos-Gale 2002: table 3).

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Northwestern Turkey, the borderland of Anatolia, provides an optimal oppor- tunity for detecting changing modalities in the social and cultural setup of Late Neolithic communities that had just moved in to that region. In this respect it is worth noting that the number of excavated Neolithic sites is sufficient for defining interregional differences and for drawing a generalized picture of the cultural era. Moreover, the region in the Late Neolithic had just been settled by Neolithic communities, thus the material assemblages were all new to the region, having evidently originated in an area further away, some- where in the core area of primary neolithization. With this in mind, here we shall present an unconventional, reversed approach to the Late Neolithic era by looking back towards the core area from the periphery, also noting the spatial distribution of various Neolithic groups by highlighting the distinctive features of their assemblages. Among other issues discussed are the modalities of Neolithic expansion from the core area to regions beyond the initial area of neolithization. The Neolithic Package will be scrutinized to answer what went and what remained during the dispersal of the Neolithic way of life. Most evident is the distinctness of the Neolithic package in the eastern parts of the Marmara region from those of the Aegean and the Balkans, strongly suggestive of having origins in the different sectors of the core area.

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This paper discusses the ways in which the vernacular language of the capital city of Sofia, Bulgaria, reflects a history of contested borders. A relatively small but ancient settlement, Sofia became the capital of the new principality when the San Stefano borders were redrawn and contracted by the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In response the capital was relocated in 1879 from Veliko Tarnovo in the eastern dialect area to Sofia in the western, a strategically semiotic move intended to re-center the Bulgarian capital with respect to the prior borders and to position the government for future expansion. The government administration relocated en masse to Sofia thereby establishing a new urban elite with a more prestigious eastern dialect that would eventually become the main basis of the standard language. Despite decades of education in the standard language, however, western variants have persisted in the capital to this day, in part fuelled by 20th century waves of migration from what is today Aegean and North Macedonia. With the post-1989 fall of communism and the end of state-controlled media, this western variant now appears in and often dominates public spaces much to the dismay of language codifiers and purist-minded members of the public. Three theoretical approaches are employed to account for this persistence of the western variant. Social network theory will be used to analyze the sociolinguistic dynamics of language variants in Sofia. Critical discourse analysis recognizes the mutually constitutive nature of social practice and language use and the role of power relations — particularly relevant once the western variant of Sofia lost its prestige to the newly arrived eastern variant. Finally, language variation is conceptualized as a social semiotic system in which variants are indexically mutable so that speakers make socio-semiotic moves by deploying variants in certain contexts with certain interlocutors.

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Đerdap National Park is located in the southeastern part of Europe, in the northeastern part of Serbia, on the border with Romania. This paper presents the currently known records on the diversity of earthworm fauna in Đerdap National Park. The number of species from family Lumbricidae known to be occurring in the studied region is 29 species from 11 genera. The genera with the largest number of the registered taxa are Dendrobaena (8) and Aporrectodea (7). A third of all species are peregrines (37.93%). Trans-Aegean species take part with 13.8%, followed by endemic, Central European, Balkanic-Alpine (10.34%). Then follow Illyric (6.90%) and slightly less Moesian, Circum- Mediterranean, and Southern-Alpine (3.45%). Endemic species take a part with three taxa. Only one species (Allolobophora mehadiensis boscaiui (Pop, 1948)) is Dacian endemic. The obtained results indicate a diverse Lumbricidae fauna. It is certainly necessary to continue with intensive research in order to preserve the biological diversity of this area.